The Environmental Effects of Urbanization, Education, and Green Innovation in the Union for Mediterranean Countries: Evidence from Quantile Regression Model

This study aims to examine the environmental dynamics in Union for Mediterranean (UFM) countries by considering education, urbanization, green innovation, and other key factors period 2001–2016. The data are divided based on income level of UFM analyzed with panel quantile regression, unit root tests, co-integration test, ordinary least squares method, fixed effects model evaluate nexus between variables. A generalized method moments (GMM) is employed deal endogeneity issue data. results confirm that urban population has an inverted U-shaped association degradation lower-middle high-middle countries. It further comes out increased education levels decrease high-income Hence, innovation reduces upper-middle-income high-middle-income validates relationship GDP all income-based groups countries, which supports Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis.